A: Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
In March 1960 computer scientist J. C. R. Licklider of Bolt, Baranek and Newman published "Man-Computer Symbiosis," IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, volume HFE-1 (March 1960) 4-11, postulating that the computer should become an intimate symbiotic partner in human activity, including communication. (See Reading 10.5.)