Raymond Lindeman Founds Ecosystem Ecology

In 1942 ecologist Raymond L. Lindeman, a postdoctoral researcher under G. Evelyn Hutchinson at Yale, published "The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology" in the journal Ecology XXIII, 399-418. This work was characterized by Robert McIntosh as the "birth of ecosytem ecology". Lindeman described energy flow in ecosystems in a form amenable to productive abstract analysis.